• Google LLC / Cellco Partnership D/B/A Verizon Wireless et al. v. Headwater Research LLCAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Oct 1, 2025 · IPR2024-00943 · APJ Scott B Howard · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 2–23, 26, 41–60, 63, 64, 91–152, and 155–171 are unpatentable; Rao anticipates some claims, and the stated Rao combinations render the remaining claims obvious.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner

    “Petitioner argues that a person having ordinary skill in the art “would have at least a bachelor’s degree in computer science, computer engineering, or a similar field, and approximately two years of industry or academic experience in a field related to computer software development and/or computer networking.” Pet. 2 (citing Ex. 1015 ¶¶ 50–52). Petitioner further argues that “[w]ork experience can substitute for education, and additional education can substitute for work experience.” Id. at 2–3 (citing Ex. 1015 ¶¶ 50–52). Because Petitioner’s proposed level of ordinary skill in the art is consistent with the field of the invention of the ’541 patent and not disputed by Patent Owner (see PO Resp.), we adopt Petitioner’s formulation of the person having ordinary skill in the art.” slip op. at 12

  • Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededNot reached

    “Petitioner states “[n]o terms require construction to resolve this Petition.” Pet. 3. Patent Owner does not propose any claim constructions. See PO Resp. For the purposes of this Decision, we need not expressly construe any claim terms. See Nidec Motor Corp. v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Co., 868 F.3d 1013, 1017 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (noting that “we need only construe terms ‘that are in controversy, and only to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy’” (quoting Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999))).” slip op. at 13

  • Expert testimonyPetitioner expert creditedDecided for petitioner
  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableNot shown unpatentableMixed

    “preponderance of the evidence that claim 3 was anticipated by Rao.” slip op. at 25

  Patent outcomesUS 8,589,541 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips · KSR · Graham
  Patents in suitUS 8,589,541
• Google LLC / Cellco Partnership D/B/A Verizon Wireless et al. v. Headwater Research LLCAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Oct 1, 2025 · IPR2024-00942 · APJ Scott B Howard · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 2–23, 26, 41–60, 63, 64, 91–152, and 155–171 are unpatentable; Rao anticipates some claims, and Rao-based combinations render the others obvious.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner

    “Petitioner argues that a person having ordinary skill in the art “would have at least a bachelor’s degree in computer science, computer engineering, or a similar field, and approximately two years of industry or academic experience in a field related to computer software development and/or computer networking.” Pet. 2 (citing Ex. 1015 ¶¶ 50–52). Petitioner further argues that “[w]ork experience can substitute for education, and additional education can substitute for work experience.” Id. at 2–3 (citing Ex. 1015 ¶¶ 50–52). Because Petitioner’s proposed level of ordinary skill in the art is consistent with the field of the invention of the ’541 patent and not disputed by Patent Owner (see PO Resp.), we adopt Petitioner’s formulation of the person having ordinary skill in the art.” slip op. at 12

  • Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededOther

    “Petitioner states “[n]o terms require construction to resolve this Petition.” Pet. 3. Patent Owner does not propose any claim constructions. See PO Resp. For the purposes of this Decision, we need not expressly construe any claim terms. See Nidec Motor Corp. v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Co., 868 F.3d 1013, 1017 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (noting that “we need only construe terms ‘that are in controversy, and only to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy’” (quoting Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999))).” slip op. at 13

  • Expert testimonyOther

    “157, and 171 are anticipated by Rao. Pet. 1, 19–39, 42. Petitioner’s arguments are supported by citations to the prior art and the testimony of Dr. Wolfe. See id. We have reviewed Petitioner’s arguments and evidence, agree with them, and, therefore, adopt Petitioner’s arguments and evidence as our own.” slip op. at 26

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableNot shown unpatentableMixed

    “anticipated by Rao. Pet. 1, 30–31, 33–42. We have reviewed Petitioner’s arguments for each of those dependent claims. See Pet. 30–31, 33–42. For each of those dependent claims, the Petition appears to only argue a theory of obvious. That is, the Petition never states that the additional limitation is disclosed by Rao. See id. For example, claim 26 depends from claim 1 and further recites “wherein the policy is based on a background service class.” Ex. 1001, 112:49–52. We reproduce Petitioner’s arguments directed to claim 26 below: Rao’s policies 520 may “define prioritization” for network packets “based on whether an application is running in the foreground or the background.” [Ex. 1002] ¶ 182; id. ¶¶ 38–43, 180, 182, 188–89, 193, Figs. 5A, 5B. Each packet “may be placed and arranged in a priority order respective to all other . . . packets to provide a packet by packet prioritization across all applications 338a-338n and . . . network packets.” Id. ¶ 191. It would have been obvious to determine and apply a policy assigning a specific priority to packets associated with background applications, supra [1e]-[1f], and Rao thus discloses or renders obvious assigning a priority to network communications based on whether they are characterized as background services (class of services associated with application(s) running in the background of client 105), EX-1015 ¶¶195-96; supra [1e], [1f]. Pet. 33–34. Although the Petition sets forth why the claim limitation would have been obvious, there is no discussion as to how the additional limitation of claim 26—policy based on background class—is disclosed in Rao. See id. Similar arguments are presented for the other claims. See Pet. 30–31, 35–42. Because the Petition does not sufficiently show how the additional limitations recited in claims 20, 26, 58, 64, 165, and 169 were disclosed by Rao, Petitioner has not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that claims 20, 26, 58, 64, 165, and 169 were anticipated by Rao.” slip op. at 28

  Patent outcomesUS 8,589,541 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips · KSR · Graham
  Patents in suitUS 8,589,541
• Comcast Cable Communications, LLC v. Entropic Communications, LLCAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Oct 1, 2025 · IPR2024-00438 · APJ Michelle N Wormmeester · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1–76 are unpatentable: Zhang anticipates or renders some claims obvious, and the other challenged claims are obvious over combinations including Zhang.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • BurdenFwd all claims unpatentableUnpatentable

    “IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons given, Petitioner has demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that claims 1–76 of the ’206 patent are unpatentable as follows.6” slip op. at 48

  • Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededOther

    “Petitioner asserts that “[a]ll claim terms herein should be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a POSITA.” Pet. 18. Patent Owner does not respond. See PO Resp. For purposes of this Decision, we determine that no claim term requires express interpretation to resolve any controversy in this proceeding. See Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999).” slip op. at 8

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableUnpatentable

    “B. Asserted Challenges Based on Zhang Alone Petitioner asserts that claims 1, 3–7, 9, 11, 13, 15–19, 21, 23, 25, 27– 31, 33–35, 38, 40–44, and 46–48 of the ’206 patent are anticipated by Zhang. Pet. 19–45. Petitioner also asserts that these claims would have been obvious over Zhang. Id. Patent Owner disputes certain aspects of Petitioner’s analysis. PO Resp. 3–50. For the reasons explained below, we determine that Petitioner has demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that claims 1, 3–7, 9, 11, 13, 15–19, 21, 23, 25, 27–31, 33–35, 38, 40–44, and 46–48 are anticipated by Zhang or would have been obvious over Zhang.” slip op. at 8

  • Obviousness (§103) › Motivation to combine / reasonable expectation of successUnpatentableMotivation foundUnpatentable

    “system may include a digital video recorder (DVR).” Id. at 45–46 (citing Ex. 1052 ¶¶ 5, 43, 48, 60, 73, 98, 112, 118, 191, 197, 212, 281–285, 296, 546). According to Petitioner, “[a] POSITA would have been motivated to include Reisman’s DVR in Zhang’s STB to provide a more feature-filled and individualized user experience, which in the proposed combination still includes Zhang’s wideband front-end receiver components cited for performing Elements [25A]–[25E].” Id. at 46. Petitioner explains that “Reisman’s DVR improves user experience and flexibility by allowing timeshifted and on-demand viewing, and enabling replay and trick-play (fast forwarding, rewinding, and pausing) of live programming.” Id. (citing Ex. 1052 ¶¶ 191, 197, 212, 284); see also id. at 46–47 (asserting that “[a]dding Reisman’s DVR to Zhang’s system would have been nothing more [than] applying a known technique of integrating a DVR into a set-top box . . . to a known STB . . . that was ready for improvement to yield a predictable result” and that “[a] POSITA would have had a reasonable expectation of success”). Patent Owner does not specifically dispute Petitioner’s contentions in this regard. See PO Resp. Based on Petitioner’s argument and evidence (see Pet. 45–47), we find Petitioner’s proposed combination of Zhang and Reisman teaches all the limitations of claims 25 and 38. We also find that Petitioner’s proffered reasoning for combining Zhang and Reisman supports a legal conclusion of obviousness. See In re Kahn, 441 F.3d 977, 988 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[T]here must be some articulated reasoning with some rational underpinning to support the legal conclusion of obviousness.”).” slip op. at 40

  Patent outcomesUS 11,399,206 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips
  Patents in suitUS 11,399,206
• Comcast Cable Communications, LLC v. Entropic Communications, LLCAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Sep 29, 2025 · IPR2024-00435 · APJ Michelle N Wormmeester · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1–82 are unpatentable: claims are anticipated by Zhang or obvious over Zhang, Zhang with Reisman, Zhang with Jackson, or the listed combinations with Pandey.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededOther

    “using the same claim construction standard that would be used to construe the claim in a civil action under 35 U.S.C. 282(b).” See 37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b). That standard involves construing claims in accordance with the ordinary and customary meaning of such claims as would have been understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSITA”) and the prosecution history pertaining to the patent. See id.; Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1312–14 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc). Petitioner asserts that “[a]ll claim terms herein should be given their ordinary and customary meaning to a POSITA.” Pet. 16. Patent Owner does not respond. See PO Resp. For purposes of this Decision, we determine that no claim term requires express interpretation to resolve any controversy in this proceeding. See Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999). slip op. at 8

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableUnpatentable

    “We agree with Petitioner. Claim 1 recites “the DFE is configured to concurrently select and provide each of the plurality of desired channels . . . without providing any of the plurality of undesired channels.” The claim expressly covers both selecting desired channels and providing desired channels. By reciting “without providing any of the plurality of undesired channels,” the claim expressly excludes providing undesired channels; it does not exclude selecting undesired channels. Thus, the claim covers selecting both desired and undesired channels.” slip op. at 16

  • Obviousness (§103) › Graham factors (scope of art, differences, level of skill)UnpatentableUnpatentable

    “Patent Owner argues that Zhang’s PVR is not a ‘DVR’ as recited in Elements [27D] and [41D], Reisman discloses this feature.” Pet. 50. Petitioner asserts that “Reisman teaches that STBs in a cable system may include a digital video recorder (DVR).” Id. (citing Exc. 1052 ¶¶ 5, 43, 48, 60, 73, 98, 112, 118, 191, 197, 212, 281–285, 296, 546). According to Petitioner, an ordinarily skilled artisan “would have been motivated [to] include Reisman’s DVR in Zhang’s STB to provide a more feature-filled and individualized user experience, which in the proposed combination still includes Zhang’s wideband front-end receiver components cited for Elements [27A]–[27C] and [41A]–[41C].” Id. Petitioner explains that “Reisman’s DVR improves user experience by allowing time-shifted and ondemand view, and enabling, e.g., fast-forwarding, rewinding, and pausing of live programming.” Id. (citing Ex. 1052 ¶¶ 191, 197, 212, 284–285, 546, 758); see also id. at 50–51 (asserting that the proposed combination “merely applies a known technique of integrating a DVR into a STB . . . to a known STB . . . that was ready for improvement to yield a predictable result” and that an ordinarily skilled artisan “would have had a reasonable expectation of success”). Patent Owner does not specifically dispute Petitioner’s contentions in this regard. See PO Resp. Based on Petitioner’s argument and evidence (see Pet. 50–51), we find Petitioner’s proposed combination of Zhang and Reisman teaches all the limitations of claims 27 and 41. We also find that Petitioner’s proffered reasoning for combining Zhang and Reisman supports a legal conclusion of obviousness. See In re Kahn, 441 F.3d 977, 988 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[T]here must be some articulated reasoning with some rational underpinning to support the legal conclusion of obviousness.”).” slip op. at 37

  Patent outcomesUS 11,381,866 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips
  Patents in suitUS 11,381,866
• Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC v. The Johns Hopkins UniversityAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Sep 23, 2025 · IPR2024-00649 · APJ Sheridan K Snedden · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1–28 are unpatentable: claims 1, 2, 4–7, 9–12, 14–17, and 19–28 are anticipated by the MSI-H Study Record; claims 3, 8, 13, and 18 are obvious.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Claim Construction › Intrinsic evidence (Phillips canons) › Plain and ordinary meaning to a POSITATerm construed patent owner constructionDecided for patent owner

    “We agree with Patent Owner that the phrase “in response to” in claim 1 requires a causal relationship wherein the patient must be tested for MSI-H and, if he or she is determined to be MSI-H or dMMR, then the patient is treated with 10 mg/kg of pembrolizumab every 14 days. In claim 1, a biological sample from the patient must be tested to determine if the cancer is MSI-H and, if so, the patient is treated with a therapeutically effective amount of pembrolizumab. For this reason, if the prior art teaches the limitations of 1) testing a biological sample obtained from a patient having cancer to determine that the patient’s cancer is microsatellite instability high or mismatch repair deficient, and 2) treating the patient with a therapeutically effective amount of pembrolizumab if the patient’s cancer is determined to be microsatellite instability high or DNA mismatch repair deficient, the art anticipates claim 1. We are not persuaded that claim 1 requires or excludes anything else because nothing else is recited in the claim.” slip op. at 9

  • Skill levelSkill level board ownOther

    “In the Decision to institute trial, we adopted Petitioner’s uncontested proposal defining that the level of skill in the art, presented above. Inst. Dec. 7. Neither party directs us to evidence of the level of skill in the art beyond what we considered for institution of trial. Having considered Patent Owner’s positions and evidence of record, however, we determine that the level of skill also includes knowledge of and experience with treating cancer patients with immunotherapy compounds, identifying the conditions these patients may have, and understanding the literature regarding clinical trials for such cancers and the associated conditions and immunotherapy.” slip op. at 15

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableUnpatentable

    “holding is limited to anticipation of a claimed genus through disclosure of individual species, whereas the facts of this case involve the disclosure of a genus. PO Resp. 14. Because the facts before us, including the testimony of Patent Owner’s witness, indicate that one of ordinary skill in the art would have immediately understood that the third arm of the study described in the MSR includes patients with cancers recited in claim 1, including endometrial, gastric, and small-bowel cancers, we are persuaded that one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that the MSR discloses species that fall within the scope of claim 1. Ex. 2090 ¶ 79; Ex. 1243, 115:5–116:22; Ex. 1085, 673–75; Ex. 1086, 14; Ex. 1003 ¶¶ 25, 63; Ex. 1005, 4. We are not persuaded that where species falling within the scope of claim 1 were previously known and disclosed in MSR, that claim 1 is patentable over the MSR. See Kennametal, Inc. v. Ingersoll Cutting Tool Co., 780 F.3d 1376, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (“a reference can anticipate a claim even if it ‘d[oes] not expressly spell out’ all the limitations arranged or combined as in the claim, if a person of skill in the art, reading the reference, would ‘at once envisage’” the claimed arrangement or combination.” (quoting In re Petering, 301 F.2d 676, 681 (CCPA 1962)). After considering the parties’ arguments and the evidence presented, we are persuaded that the MSR teaches “testing or having tested a biological sample obtained from a patient” having endometrial, small bowel, or gastric cancer and, thus teaches the corresponding limitation of claim 1.6” slip op. at 29

  • Obviousness (§103) › Objective indicia / secondary considerations › NexusObjective indicia no nexusDecided for petitioner

    “Regarding the dependent claims that Petitioner challenges only on obviousness grounds (claims 3, 8, 13, 18), Patent Owner must show a nexus between the claimed methods and the evidence of non-obviousness. See Henny Penny Corp. v. Frymaster LLC, 938 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“to be accorded substantial weight in the obviousness analysis, the evidence of secondary considerations must have a ‘nexus’ to the claims, i.e., there must be ‘a legally and factually sufficient connection’ between the evidence and the patented invention. . . . Ultimately, ‘[t]he patentee bears the burden of showing that a nexus exists.’” (quoting Demaco Corp. v. F. Von Langsdorff Licensing Ltd., 851 F.2d 1387, 1392 (Fed. Cir. 1988), WMS Gaming, Inc. v. Int'l Game Tech., 184 F.3d 1339, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). Patent Owner does not direct us to evidence of a nexus to limitations recited in the dependent claims, for example to claims 3 and 13, which recite testing a biological sample that is a bodily fluid, claims 8 and 18, which recite testing that comprises assessing one or more markers selected from the group consisting of BAT-25, BAT-26, MONO-27, NR-21 and NR-24. Even if there is a nexus to the Patent Owner’s evidence of secondary considerations, the evidence addresses the methods of independent claims 1 and 11, not the limitations of the claims Petitioner challenges as being obvious. PO Resp. 55–83. Patent Owner directs us only to evidence regarding treating patients determined to have certain MSI-H cancers with pembrolizumab, which we determine to be anticipated by the MSR. Id. at 58. When evidence of a “secondary consideration is exclusively related to a single feature that is in the prior art,” our reviewing court has held the evidence is of no relevance to the obviousness inquiry. See Yita LLC v. MacNeil IP LLC, 69 F.4th 1356, 1363–65 (Fed. Cir. 2023), cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 499 (2023) (distinguishing WBIP, LLC v. Kohler Co., 829 F.3d 1317, 1330–31 (Fed. Cir. 2016)); see also Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. v. Covidien LP, 812 F.3d 1023, 1034 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“[I]f the feature that creates the commercial success was known in the prior art, the success is not pertinent.”). In Yita, the prior art taught close-conformance of a floor tray with the walls of a vehicle foot well, which one of ordinary skill in the art would have had reason to use in combination with other prior-art teachings to arrive at the claimed invention. See Yita, 69 F.4th at 1359–61. The court held that because the asserted evidence of secondary consideration related exclusively to close-conformity, the evidence was not persuasive of non-obviousness, even though the claimed floor tray was coextensive with the product that produced the evidence. See id. at 1364–65 (“The coextensiveness inquiry bears only on the presumption of nexus; it does not decide the overall nexus question.”). Because Patent Owner directs us only to evidence that the methods recited in claims 1 and 11 produced evidence of secondary considerations, we are not persuaded that this evidence is persuasive of the non-obviousness of the specific methods recited in the dependent claims. For example, Patent Owner fails to direct us to evidence that a method of treating MSI-H colorectal cancer in a patient “wherein the biological sample is a body fluid from the patient,” as recited in claim 3, or “wherein the at least one marker comprises BAT-25, BAT-26, MONO-27, NR-21 or NR-24,” as recited in claim 8, demonstrated unexpected results or commercial success. Accordingly, having considered the evidence of record as a whole, we determine that Petitioner has demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that the methods of claims 3, 8, 13, and 18 would have been obvious. We are not persuaded to the contrary by Patent Owner’s arguments or evidence of second secondary considerations.” slip op. at 47

  Patent outcomesUS 11,629,187 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites KSR · Graham
  Patents in suitUS 11,629,187
• Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC v. The Johns Hopkins UniversityAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Sep 23, 2025 · IPR2024-00647 · APJ Sheridan K Snedden · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1–36 are unpatentable: claims 1–2, 4–8, 11–12, 14–18, and 21–36 as anticipated, and claims 3, 9, 10, 13, 19, and 20 as obvious.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Claim Construction › Intrinsic evidence (Phillips canons) › Plain and ordinary meaning to a POSITATerm construed board ownDecided for patent owner

    “We agree with Patent Owner that the phrase “in response to” in claim 1 requires a causal relationship wherein the patient must be tested for MSI-H and, if he or she is determined to be MSI-H or dMMR, then the patient is treated with 10 mg/kg of pembrolizumab every 14 days. In claim 1, a biological sample from the patient must be tested to determine if the cancer is MSI-H and, if so, the patient is treated with a therapeutically effective amount of pembrolizumab. For this reason, if the prior art teaches the limitations of 1) testing a biological sample obtained from a patient having colorectal cancer to determine that the patient’s colorectal cancer is microsatellite instability high or mismatch repair deficient, and 2) treating the patient with a therapeutically effective amount of pembrolizumab if the patient’s colorectal cancer is determined to be microsatellite instability high or DNA mismatch repair deficient, the art anticipates claim 1. We are not persuaded that claim 1 requires or excludes anything else because nothing else is recited in the claim.” slip op. at 9

  • Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner

    “The ’287 patent claims a method of treating a human patient with colorectal cancer having certain characteristics using pembrolizumab and the main prior art reference cited by Petitioner discloses testing pembrolizumab to treat human patients. See Ex. 1001, 24:42–52; Ex. 1005. Accordingly, the relevant field of Patent Owner’s claims is treating human patients, as well as testing existing compounds. In the Decision to institute trial, we adopted Petitioner’s uncontested proposal defining that the level of skill in the art, presented above. Dec. 7– 8. Neither party directs us to evidence of the level of skill in the art beyond what we considered for institution of trial. Having considered Patent Owner’s positions and evidence of record, however, we determine that the level of skill also includes knowledge of and experience with treating cancer patients with immunotherapy compounds, identifying the conditions these patients may have, and understanding the literature regarding clinical trials for such cancers and the associated conditions and immunotherapy.” slip op. at 14

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableUnpatentable
  • Expert testimonyPetitioner expert creditedDecided for petitioner

    “In an anticipation analysis, the dispositive question is whether a skilled artisan would ‘reasonably understand or infer’ from a prior art reference that every claim limitation is disclosed in that single reference.” Acoustic Tech., Inc. v. Itron Networked Sols., Inc., 949 F.3d 1366, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Extrinsic evidence, such as declarations and depositions may be considered when it is used to explain, but not expand, the meaning of a reference. See In re Baxter Travenol Labs., 952 F.2d 388, 390 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (holding that the depositions and declarations of skilled workers were properly used to show what those skilled in the art would have known about the prior art). We credit Dr. Neugut’s and Dr. Oberstein’s testimony about what one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood after reviewing the MSR. slip op. at 34

  Patent outcomesUS 11,649,287 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites KSR · Graham
  Patents in suitUS 11,649,287
• Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC v. The Johns Hopkins UniversityAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Sep 19, 2025 · IPR2024-00650 · APJ Deborah Katz · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1–38 are unpatentable: claims 1, 2, 4–7, 11–17, 19–22, and 26–38 are anticipated by the MSR; the remaining claims are obvious over the MSR and cited references.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Skill levelSkill level board ownDecided for petitioner

    “Petitioner and Patent Owner characterize one of ordinary skill in the art differently. To Petitioner, the ordinarily skilled artisan would be a medical doctor, or a professional in a related field, with experience treating cancer or access to those with experience in clinical studies of therapeutics and to a pathologist with this experience. (See Pet. 11 (citing Ex. 1003 ¶ 19).) To Patent Owner, the ordinarily skilled artisan would have had a medical or graduate-level degree, or equivalent work experience, in the fields of immunology, genetics, or a related field and would have experience (i) conducting immunology research relating to oncology, (ii) conducting genetics research relating to oncology, or (iii) developing and conducting clinical trials on novel cancer therapies in those fields. (See PO Resp. 5–6 (citing Ex. 2072 ¶¶ 31–32, 91–99).) Petitioner emphasizes medical and treatment aspects in its characterization of an ordinarily skilled artisan, whereas Patent Owner emphasizes research aspects. The ’491 patent claims a method of treating a human patient with cancer having certain characteristics using pembrolizumab and the main prior art reference cited by Petitioner discloses testing pembrolizumab to treat human patients. (See Ex. 1001, 25:36–52, 26:24–41, Ex. 1005; see Decision 8–9.) Accordingly, the relevant field of Patent Owner’s claims is treating human patients, as well as testing existing compounds. In light of the extent of the relevant field, we determine that the level of skill in the art relevant to the claims of the ’491 patent is not limited to knowledge of and experience with conducting research relating to oncology or developing and conducting clinical trials, but includes knowledge of and experience with treating cancer patients with immunotherapy compounds, identifying the conditions these patients may have, and understanding the literature regarding clinical trials for such colorectal cancers and the associated conditions and immunotherapy. C. Claim Construction” slip op. at 8

  • Expert testimonyPetitioner expert creditedPatent owner expert discountedDecided for petitioner

    “Dr. Lonberg, Patent Owner’s witness, does not dispute any of Dr. Neugut’s or Dr. Oberstein’s testimony, but asserts only that Dr. Neugut’s testimony relies only on what was generally done, not on what is expressly disclosed in the MSR. (See Ex. 2072 ¶¶ 105–107.) On cross-examination, Dr. Lonberg agreed with Dr. Oberstein that patients who had received prior cancer therapy were not excluded from the study described in the MSR. (See Ex. 1245, 57:5–58:2, 40:5–14, 49:2–12.) Thus, after considering the evidence cited by each party, we find Dr. Neugut’s and Dr. Oberstein’s testimony to be the most directly relevant and persuasive about what one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood from the MSR itself. We are also persuaded by the lack of a specific contradiction regarding the understanding of one of ordinarily skill in the art by Dr. Lonberg. Even if some patients who had been previously treated with specific drugs were excluded from the study described in the MSR, we are persuaded that one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood the MSR as including other patients who have been treated with a prior cancer therapy drug. We are persuaded that Petitioner has met its burden of proving whether a skilled artisan would reasonably understand or infer that the limitations of claims 13, 28, 32, and 36 were disclosed in the MSR. Petitioner demonstrates what one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood from the MSR, not what it inherently discloses. (Contra PO Resp. 19–22.)” slip op. at 38

  • Claim Construction › Intrinsic evidence (Phillips canons) › Plain and ordinary meaning to a POSITATerm construed board ownDecided for petitioner

    “Patent Owner argues that the “in response to” limitation of claim 1 describes administering the claimed treatment only to patients determined to have an MSI-H tumor. (See PO Resp. 6.) But neither claim 1 nor claim 16 includes a limitation excluding the treatment of any patient, such as specifically excluding treatment of any patient who has a tumor that is not MSI-H or dMMR. Neither claim 1 nor claim 16 recites any language differentiating between patients or identifying a patient population to be excluded from treatment. Instead, claims 1 and 16 provide that if the colorectal cancer patient is tested and the cancer is determined to be MSI-H or dMMR, the patient is treated with a therapeutically effective amount of pembrolizumab. We note that the methods of claims 1 and 16 use the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” that is generally interpreted to not exclude additional, unrecited elements. See Invitrogen Corp. v. Biocrest Mfg., L.P., 327 F.3d 1364, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“The transition ‘comprising’ in a method claim indicates that the claim is open-ended and allows for additional steps.”); Genentech, Inc. v. Chiron Corp., 112 F.3d 495, 501 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“‘Comprising’ is a term of art used in claim language that means that the named elements are essential, but that other elements may be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim.”). The use of the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” in claims 1 and 16 further suggests to us that any additional steps taken in conjunction with expressly recited method steps, such as the treatment of patients who are not MSI-H or dMMR, are not excluded from the scope of the claim.” slip op. at 13

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableUnpatentable

    “discloses species that fall within the scope of claim 1. (See Ex. 2090 ¶ 79; Ex. 1243, 115:5–116:22; Ex. 1085, 673–75; Ex. 1086, 14; Ex. 1003 ¶¶ 25, 67; Ex. 1005, 4.) We are not persuaded that where species falling within the scope of claim 1 were previously known and disclosed in MSR, that claim 1 is patentable over the MSR. See Kennametal, Inc. v. Ingersoll Cutting Tool Co., 780 F.3d 1376, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (“a reference can anticipate a claim even if it ‘d[oes] not expressly spell out’ all the limitations arranged or combined as in the claim, if a person of skill in the art, reading the reference, would ‘at once envisage’” the claimed arrangement or combination.” (quoting In re Petering, 301 F.2d 676, 681 (CCPA 1962)). After considering the parties’ arguments and the evidence presented, we are persuaded that the MSR teaches “testing or having tested a biological sample obtained from a patient” having endometrial, small bowel, or gastric cancer and, thus teaches the corresponding limitation of claim 1. d) Element [1.3]: “thereby determining that the patient’s cancer is” slip op. at 26

  Patent outcomesUS 11,634,491 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites KSR · Graham
  Patents in suitUS 11,634,491
• Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC v. The Johns Hopkins UniversityAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Sep 18, 2025 · IPR2024-00625 · APJ Deborah Katz · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1–8 are unpatentable: claims 1–4 and 6–8 are anticipated by MSR, and claim 5 is obvious over MSR with the additional marker-testing teachings of Chapelle.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)UnpatentableUnpatentable

    “In an anticipation analysis, the dispositive question is whether a skilled artisan would ‘reasonably understand or infer’ from a prior art reference that every claim limitation is disclosed in that single reference.” Acoustic Tech., Inc. v. Itron Networked Sols., Inc., 949 F.3d 1366, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Extrinsic evidence, such as declarations and depositions may be considered when it is used to explain, but not expand, the meaning of a reference. See In re Baxter Travenol Labs., 952 F.2d 388, 390 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (holding that the depositions and declarations of skilled workers were properly used to show what those skilled in the art would have known about the prior art). Although Patent Owner argues that a missing element cannot be filled by what an ordinarily skilled artisan would have envisioned, Petitioner’s argument is based on what one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood from what the MSR expressly teaches. (See Pet. 20 (“Indeed, prior art concerning the MSI-H Study indicates that the physicians understood postings on clinicaltrials.gov indicated that patients had ‘metastatic tumors.’ (EX1049, 444; see also EX1050, S4; EX1003, ¶62.)”).) Unlike the facts of Nidec, where a missing signal could have been envisioned but was not present, we are persuaded by the evidence Petitioner presents that those of ordinary skill in the art understood the MSR express disclosure to include patients with unresectable or metastatic tumors because references referring to the study underlying the MSR discuss the inclusion of patients with metastatic tumors in the study. Even if Dr. Neugut’s reasoning that the reference to “measurable” disease in the MSR would have indicated patients having metastatic cancer is flawed, we are persuaded by Petitioner’s evidence of publications referring to the MSR as a study of metastatic colorectal cancer, and we are further persuaded that one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood the MSR to disclose treating patients having metastatic colorectal cancer with pembrolizumab. (See Ex. 1049, 444, Ex. 1050, S4.) Patent Owner does not address this evidence. Instead, Patent Owner acknowledges that “the MSR discloses treating cancer patients that could be within the claimed subset,” but argues that the MSR does not inherently anticipate results later obtained by treating only patients within the claimed subset. (See Pet. Sur- Reply 5–6.) We are persuaded, though, that Petitioner’s challenge is based on what one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood from the MSR (that patients who had an unresectable or metastatic tumor were selected), not on what is inherent to the disclosure of the MSR. We are persuaded that one of ordinary skill in the art at the time would have understood the MSR to teach selecting a patient “who has an unresectable or metastatic,” as required in claim 1. c) Element 1.2: “microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch slip op. at 14

  • Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Prior-art status of a reference › Printed publication / public accessibilityPrinted publication establishedDecided for petitioner

    “Patent Owner argues further that the MSR discloses an experimental use that does not qualify as prior art. (See PO Resp. 16–23.) Patent Owner argues that an inventor can be granted latitude to experiment in the public eye until her invention is ready for patenting. (See id. at 16 (citing Pfaff v. Wells Elecs., Inc., 525 U.S. 55, 64 (1998).) According to Patent Owner, the experimental use negation applies to the MSR under a 13-factor analysis provided in Allen Eng'g Corp. v. Bartell Indus., Inc., 299 F.3d 1336, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2002). (See PO Resp. 17–23.) For example, Patent Owner argues that to establish that treatment of MSI-H cancers was effective, the inventors had to test treatment in humans, there being no animal models, and had to publish the MSR on the government website under federal law. (See PO Resp. 18–20.) Patent Owner argues further that the inventors had control over the MSI-H clinical study and that the field of cancer treatment was highly unpredictable, among other facts. (See id. at 19–20.) Patent Owner argues that “[a]t the time of the MSR’s posting, the claimed invention was not, nor could it have been, ready for patenting. The clinical study that ultimately collected the data reported in the patent specification and supporting the patent claims had not and could not have commenced before the MSR was posted.” (Id. at 21.) In City of Elizabeth, the Supreme Court was concerned that “[i]t is sometimes said that an inventor acquires an undue advantage over the public by delaying to take out a patent, inasmuch as he thereby preserves the monopoly to himself for a longer period than is allowed by the policy of the law,” but held that “when the delay is occasioned by a bona fide effort to bring his invention to perfection, or to ascertain whether it will answer the purpose intended,” the experiment use exception can preserve the inventor’s rights. City of Elizabeth v. Am. Nicholson Pavement Co., 97 U.S. 126, 137 (1877). Because we are not persuaded that Patent Owner could not have filed an earlier application, we are not persuaded that the experimental use doctrine is properly applied in this case. Given that clinical trial protocols published on the ClinicalTrials.gov website have been successfully asserted as prior art in other cases, we are not persuaded by Patent Owner’s arguments that the MSR is not available as prior art against the challenged claims. See, e.g., Salix Pharms., Ltd. v. Norwich Pharms. Inc., 98 F.4th 1056, 1061 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 567 (2024), and cert. denied, 145 S. Ct. 983 (2024). After considering the parties’ arguments and evidence, we are” slip op. at 24

  • Obviousness (§103) › Objective indicia / secondary considerations › NexusObjective indicia no nexusDecided for petitioner

    “In order to show that objective evidence renders the method of claim 5 non-obvious, Patent Owner must show a nexus between the subject matter recited in claim 5 and the evidence of non-obviousness. See Henny Penny Corp. v. Frymaster LLC, 938 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“to be accorded substantial weight in the obviousness analysis, the evidence of secondary considerations must have a ‘nexus’ to the claims, i.e., there must be ‘a legally and factually sufficient connection’ between the evidence and the patented invention. . . . Ultimately, ‘[t]he patentee bears the burden of showing that a nexus exists.’” (quoting Demaco Corp. v. F. Von Langsdorff Licensing Ltd., 851 F.2d 1387, 1392 (Fed. Cir. 1988), WMS Gaming, Inc. v. Int'l Game Tech., 184 F.3d 1339, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). Patent Owner argues that there is a nexus between the development and commercialization of pembrolizumab and the patented method of treatment recited in the challenged claims, citing, inter alia, the package insert for Keytruda® (pembrolizumab), but Patent Owner does not direct us to evidence of a nexus to MSI-H or MMR deficient tumors that exhibit instability in the microsatellite markers recited in claim 5 and the unexpected results, commercial success, or other objective measures of non-obviousness flowing from these additional limitations. (See PO Resp. 50–63 (citing Ex. 2129, Ex. 2072 ¶ 190, Ex. 2090 ¶¶ 82–92).) Patent Owner directs us only to evidence regarding determining MSI-H status and then using Keytruda® to treat MSI-H cancer patients, which we determine to be anticipated by the MSR. (See PO Resp. 60.) When evidence of a “secondary consideration [] is exclusively related” slip op. at 34

  • Obviousness (§103) › Motivation to combine / reasonable expectation of successMotivation foundReasonable expectation foundUnpatentable

    “(Ex. 1001, 26:19–28.) In Grounds 3 and 5, Petitioner argues, relying on Dr. Neugut’s testimony, that Chapelle teaches standard methods of testing whether a tumor is MSI-H, including determining whether the patient’s tumor exhibits instability in a microsatellite marker, such as BAT-25 or BAT-26. (See Pet. 42 (citing Ex. 1007, 3380, 3383; Ex. 1003 ¶ 107).) For example, Chapelle states that “‘a standard test’ using a ‘[p]anel consisting of … BAT26, BAT25’ has ‘stood the test of time.’” (Ex. 1007 at 3382.) Dr. Neugut testifies that one of ordinary skill in the art would have been motivated to treat a patient with an unresectable or metastatic MSI-H dMMR tumor, wherein the tumor exhibits instability in the BAT-25 and BAT-26 microsatellite marker, and would have expected success in doing so, in light of the teachings of Chapelle. (See Ex. 1003 ¶¶ 105–108.) We find that the record as recounted above supports Petitioner’s challenges of claim 5 in Grounds 3 and 5.” slip op. at 31

  Patent outcomesUS 11,339,219 unpatentable
  § 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites KSR · Graham
  Patents in suitUS 11,339,219
• Comcast Cable Communications, LLC v. Entropic Communications, LLCSome claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Sep 5, 2025 · IPR2024-00431 · APJ Jon M Jurgovan · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1, 3, and 4 are unpatentable as obvious over Afshary and Mirfakhraei; claim 2 was not shown unpatentable over either asserted combination.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Skill levelSkill level board ownDecided for petitioner

    “Patent Owner’s proposal to limit a POSITA’s education and experience to “broadband networks over coaxial cables” is too narrow. Although Patent Owner points to various parts of the ’518 patent as supporting its restrictive proposal, other parts of the patent are not so limited. For example, the patent’s technical field and summary are not limited to coaxial cable, and the patent discusses twisted pair wiring and satellite communications as media that can be used. See, e.g., Ex. 1001, 1:27–29, 3:33–35, 3:49–50, 3:67–4:3, 5:61–6:3, 8:20–23, 9:28–33. Accordingly, we adopt the following level of ordinary skill in the art for use in this Decision: A POSITA would have a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering, computer engineering, or a related field, and two to four years of experience with broadband communication networks. Additional professional experience could substitute for education, and additional education could substitute for professional experience. We find that this skill level is consistent with the problems and solutions identified in the ’518 patent and the prior art references asserted by Petitioner. In addition, we find the adopted skill level consistent with the education and experience that a POSITA would have had. See In re GPAC Inc., 57 F.3d 1573, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (citing Custom Accessories, Inc. v. Jeffrey-Allan Indus., Inc., 807 F.2d 955, 962 (Fed. Cir. 1986)) (citing factors to consider when determining level of ordinary skill in the art).” slip op. at 15

  • Expert testimonyDecided for petitioner

    “We determine that Mr. Bertonis and Mr. Garrett had at least the skill level of a POSITA at the time they submitted their declarations and testimony in this case. Ex. 1002 ¶¶ 4–15, Appx. A; Ex. 2001 ¶¶ 8–12, Appx. A; cf Osseo Imaging, LLC v. Planmeca USA Inc., 116 F.4th 1335 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2024) (“An expert need not have acquired that skill level prior to the time of the invention to be able to testify from the vantage point of a person of ordinary skill in the art.”). Accordingly, we see no reason to disregard the testimony of either on the basis that they do not have a POSITA’s skill level.” slip op. at 45

  • Claim Construction › Functional claiming / §112(f) means-plus-function › Whether §112(f) applies (Williamson, nonce words)§112(f) appliesTerm construed petitioner constructionDecided for petitioner

    “Because an assessment of whether the prior art discloses a means- plus-function limitation depends not only on the presence of the recited function but also the structure that performs that function as described in the patent’s specification, we address Petitioner’s undisputed contentions for the means-plus-function limitations below.” slip op. at 12

  • Obviousness (§103) › Analogous artAnalogous artDecided for petitioner

    “We conclude that Petitioner has shown by preponderant evidence that Mirfakhraei is in the same field of endeavor as the ’518 patent, i.e., “broadband communication networks.” Mirfakhraei is thus analogous art because it is in the same field of endeavor as the ’518 patent.” slip op. at 27

  Patent outcomesUS 7,295,518 mixed
  Claim construction§ 103 obviousnesscites Graham
  Patents in suitUS 7,295,518
• Comcast Cable Communications, LLC v. Entropic Communications, LLCAll claims unpatentable
  PTAB · Sep 3, 2025 · IPR2024-00441 · APJ Aaron W Moore · IPR · Final written decision

  Claims 1–18 are unpatentable over Kamieniecki and Konstantinos; Petitioner did not show claims 1–18 unpatentable over Renken or Renken and Cholas because Renken is not prior art.

  RulingsFinal written decision

  • Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner

    “Level of Ordinary Skill in The Art Petitioner contends that a person having ordinary skill in the art “would have had a degree in electrical engineering or a similar discipline, and three-to-four years of experience working with television signal processing and communication 1 Because the challenged claims have an effective filing date before the effective date of the AIA, we apply the pre-AIA version of 35 U.S.C. § 103. 2 US 2005/0114879 A1, published May 26, 2005 (Ex. 1009). 3 US 2010/0120386 A1, published May 13, 2010 (Ex. 1010). 4 US 2010/0303181 A1, published Dec. 2, 2010 (Ex. 1016). 5 US 2008/0313691 A1, published Dec. 18, 2008 (Ex. 1017). 6 US 8,649,421 B2, issued Feb. 11, 2014 (Ex. 1011). systems,” and that “[a]dditional education may substitute for professional experience and significant work experience may substitute for formal education.” Pet. 30 (citing Ex. 1002 ¶¶ 40–42). “Patent Owner accepts the Petition’s [description of a person of ordinary skill] solely for purposes of responding to the Petition in this proceeding.” PO Resp. 11. Based on our review of the record before us, we determine that Petitioner’s stated level of ordinary skill in the art is reasonable because it appears consistent with the evidence of record, including the asserted prior art. Accordingly, we apply Petitioner’s definition in this Decision. B.” slip op. at 8

  • Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededOther

    “On the present record, we do not discern a need to construe explicitly any claim language because doing so would have no effect on our analyses and will not assist in resolving the present controversy between the parties. See Realtime Data, LLC v. Iancu, 912 F.3d 1368, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“The Board is required to construe ‘only those terms . . . that are in controversy, and only to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy.’”) (quoting Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). C.” slip op. at 9

  • Obviousness (§103) › Motivation to combine / reasonable expectation of successMotivation foundDecided for petitioner

    “We agree that the record provides sufficient evidence that one of ordinary skill in the art would have found it advantageous to add a multi-channel receiver to improve monitoring, as Petitioner argues. Having the ability to monitor without waiting for idle or disturbing users would be a clear advantage.” slip op. at 18

  • Obviousness (§103) › Objective indicia / secondary considerations › NexusObjective indicia no nexusDecided for petitioner

    “We conclude that Patent Owner has not shown a sufficient nexus between the claimed invention and any product embodying the claimed invention that was successful, praised, or solved a long-felt need. Patent Owner identifies five elements allegedly required “[t]o implement MaxLinear’s Remote Spectrum Monitoring in CPE.” See PO Resp. 65. To support this, Patent Owner cites pages 5–7 of Exhibit 2009. See id.7 That exhibit, however, describes requirements for “Full Band Capture,” not MaxLinear’s “Remote Spectrum Monitoring.” To” slip op. at 31

  Patent outcomesUS 8,792,008 unpatentable
  Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousness
  Patents in suitUS 8,792,008

Holdings, summaries, rulings, issues, outcomes, winners and claim constructions shown for a decision were generated by a large language model reading the opinion. They are a guide to the decision, not the decision. Confirm every one against the court's own text before relying on it. Outcomes read from the patent owner’s side. Party names are extracted from the decision and are missing on about 900 short Director denials and scans, which carry the trial number instead.