- PTAB · Oct 23, 2023 · IPR2023-00698 · APJ Thomas L Giannetti · IPR · Institution
The Board instituted review of claims 7–11, 13, and 19–21 on all asserted grounds, finding a reasonable likelihood of prevailing for claims 11 and 13.
RulingsInstitution decision- PTAB / AIA Trials › Institution threshold (reasonable likelihood / more likely than not)InstitutedInstituted
“Under 35 U.S.C. § 314(a), an inter partes review may not be instituted unless the information presented in the petition “shows that there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner would prevail with respect to at least 1 of the claims challenged in the petition.” For the reasons stated below, we determine that Petitioner has established a reasonable likelihood that it would prevail with respect to at least one claim. We, therefore, institute inter partes review as to all of the challenged claims of the ’202 patent and all of the asserted grounds of unpatentability.” slip op. at 2
- Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner
“The two proposals are materially similar in the education requirement, but differ marginally in professional experience required (three versus five years). See supra. While we are persuaded, on the present record, that both Petitioner’s and Patent Owner’s proposals are consistent with the problems Petitioner’s proposal is a better reflection of the level of skill in the prior art, and we therefore adopt it for this decision. Our decision would not change, however, if we had applied Patent Owner’s proposed level of ordinary skill.” slip op. at 12
- BurdenMixed
“Figure 6 of Rauhala has been annotated by Patent Owner to show that the parallel connection (outlined in red) including resistors R1, R2. R3 and switches ka, kb is outside the signal path (highlighted in yellow) through differential amplifier 61. Prelim. Resp. 38. Petitioner identifies R1, R2, R3 and switches ka and kb as the claimed variable impedance. See, e.g., Pet. 39–41. The Petition (and the supporting Baker Declaration) do not explain adequately how, under this interpretation by Petitioner and its expert, Rauhala meets the adjusting an impedance “in the signal path” limitation. See Prelim. Resp. 39–41. For the reasons given, therefore, even if we were to disagree with Patent Owner’s construction of “impedance,” we agree with Patent Owner that Petitioner fails to demonstrate sufficiently that Rauhala meets the limitation in claims 7 and 19 requiring “dynamically adjusting one or more of an impedance . . . in the [receiver] signal path.” For the reasons given, we determine that Petitioner has demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of prevailing on its challenge to claims 11 and 13 as anticipated by Rauhala. We further determine that Petitioner has not demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of prevailing on its challenge to claims 7 and 19 as anticipated by Rauhala.” slip op. at 26
- Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)Instituted
“We disagree. Noting in the language of the claims requires that these method steps be performed by separate components, or that these method steps “provide two different channel indications at once” (Prelim. Resp. 38), only that they be performed as stated in the claim. In that respect, this case is distinguished from In re Robertson, where the Federal Circuit determined that the “third fastening means” required by the claims was not inherently disclosed by the prior art. Robertson, 169 F.3d at 745 (“The [prior art] patent does not expressly include a third fastening means for disposal of the diaper, as claim 76 requires.”). In further contrast to this case, Robertson addressed mechanical elements of a product (fasteners for disposable diaper), not steps in a process. More pertinent to our facts is the Federal Circuit’s decision in Microsoft Corporation v. Uniloc, 2017 LLC, No. 2021- 2039, 2022 WL 11531235 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 20, 2022), that addresses steps in a method claim. Reversing the Board’s determination that a petitioner had 6 See Ex. 1001, 14:5–6 (claim 7), 14:41–42 (claim 11), 15:18–19 (claim 13), and 17:28–29 (claim 19). Circuit concluded that the Board had misconstrued the claims to require separate acts: We agree with [petitioner] that the Board misconstrued the claims to require that the comparing and determining step are performed by two separate acts in a certain order. Nothing in the intrinsic record requires such a narrow construction, and neither party presented this construction to the Board. Without any such evidence, we decline to impose such a narrow claim construction. Microsoft Corp., 2022 WL 11531235, at *3 (citation and footnote omitted). We find that at this stage, Petitioner has made a sufficient showing that this limitation is met by Rauhala. Pet. 31–33; Baker Decl. ¶¶ 111–114.” slip op. at 22
§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites GrahamPatents in suitUS 10,524,202 - PTAB · Oct 23, 2023 · IPR2023-00697 · APJ Barbara A Benoit · IPR · Institution
The Board instituted review of claims 1, 3, 4, and 8 on all asserted grounds, finding a reasonable likelihood that Rauhala anticipates at least one challenged claim.
RulingsInstitution decision- PTAB / AIA Trials › Institution threshold (reasonable likelihood / more likely than not)InstitutedInstituted
“Applying the standard set forth in 35 U.S.C. § 314, which requires demonstration of a reasonable likelihood that Petitioner would prevail with respect to at least one challenged claim, we institute an inter partes review.” slip op. at 2
- Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner
“We are persuaded, on the present record, that both Petitioner’s and Patent Owner’s proposals are consistent with the problems and solutions in the ’825 patent and prior art of record. See In re GPAC Inc., 57 F.3d 1573, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1995); Okajima v. Bourdeau, 261 F.3d 1350, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2001). On balance, Petitioner’s proposal of education plus a minimum of two years of experience is a better reflection of the level of skill in the prior art. For example, Rauhala presents functional block diagrams of signal strength information. See, e.g., Ex. 1004, Figs. 1–5, ¶¶ 15, 17, 19, 21. Similarly, Masaaki’s Figure 1 shows “a circuit block diagram of a reception unit 40 of a pager” according to an embodiment of the invention. Ex. 1005, 5:3–4. The block diagram shows various components, including an antenna, amplifiers, bandpass filters, a mixer, an oscillator, and a detection circuit. Id. at 5:5–8, Fig. 1. Accordingly, we adopt Petitioner’s definition of the level of ordinary skill for purposes of this Decision. Our decision, however, would not change if we had applied Patent Owner’s proposed level of ordinary skill.” slip op. at 9
- Claim Construction › Intrinsic evidence (Phillips canons) › Plain and ordinary meaning to a POSITATerm construed board ownDecided for petitioner
“strength indicator circuits 440 and 450, the written description unambiguously discloses that each circuit determines the cumulative signal level of the desired signal and the interfering signals. Neither circuit determines only the signal strength of the interferer signals, nor does a circuit determine only the signal strength of the desired signal. In other words, the written description does not support a limited reading of the claim language so as to require two separate circuits—one circuit for determining a a signal strength of the desired signal. Thus, based on this preliminary record, we do not construe the circuit limitation as requiring the wireless transceiver necessarily to have two circuits, one circuit for determining a signal strength of the interferer signal and a different circuit for determining a signal strength of the desired signal, because, under that reading of the claim, the only embodiment in the written description would not fall within the scope of the claim. It is well-established that “[s]uch an interpretation is rarely, if ever, correct and would require highly persuasive evidentiary support,” which is not present in this record as discussed below. Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1584 (Fed. Cir. 1996).” slip op. at 14
- Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)Instituted
“As explained above, however, on this preliminary record, we do not interpret the circuit limitation to impose a timing requirement such that the determining has to occur at precisely the same time. Nor at this preliminary juncture do we read a precise timing requirement into the circuit limitation based on written description disclosure that the desired signal and the interferer signal are part of the received signal input spectrum. As explained above, for example, the written description describes a circuit providing a cumulative signal level corresponding to the sum of the desired and interfering signals. Ex. 1001, 6:59–67. As such, the written description describes making the determinations on two signals that are part of the received signal input spectrum. Patent Owner argues that Rauhala does not disclose “two determinations of two different signal strengths together.” Prelim. Resp. 40. We do not agree with Patent Owner on this preliminary record. Rauhala’s disclosure of providing control bits based on the comparisons of the signal strengths to respective thresholds, discussed above, also undermines Patent Owner’s argument that detector DET, which (i) provides one or the other and (ii) needs to be re-tuned to read the other signal, cannot anticipate the claim. Notably, for example, Rauhala discloses setting control bits based on comparisons of the respective signal strengths to thresholds: cM. Signal cA is 0 when signal RSS is greater than S4 and signal RSSn is at the same time smaller than Sn. Otherwise, signal cA is 1. Signal cA is taken to amplifiers Al and A2. Signal cM is 1 when signal RSS is not greater than S4 and signal RSSn is at the same time at least Sn. Ex. 1004 ¶ 17 (emphases added). Here Rauhala describes providing control signals based on the strength of both signals from the receive and neighboring channels, which undermines Patent Owner’s arguments.” slip op. at 25
Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips · KSRPatents in suitUS 10,129,825 - PTAB · Jul 21, 2023 · IPR2023-00466 · APJ Sharon Fenick · IPR · Institution
The Board instituted review of claims 7–9, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, and 21 on all asserted grounds, finding a reasonable likelihood of unpatentability.
RulingsInstitution decision- PTAB / AIA Trials › Institution threshold (reasonable likelihood / more likely than not)InstitutedInstituted
“An inter partes review may be instituted only if “the information presented in the petition . . . and any [preliminary] response . . . shows that there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner would prevail with respect to at least 1 of the claims challenged in the petition.” 35 U.S.C. § 314(a) (2018). For the reasons below, Petitioner has established a reasonable likelihood that it would prevail in showing the unpatentability of at least one of the challenged claims. Accordingly, we institute an inter partes review of the challenged claims on all grounds raised in the Petition.” slip op. at 2
- Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner
“A person of ordinary skill in the art (“POSA”) would have had a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering and a minimum of 3-4 years of industry experience in wireless communications networks and engineering, including some knowledge of or experience with distributed antenna systems. An individual with a master’s degree in electrical engineering would require less industry experience (e.g., 1-2 years). Pet. 19 (citing Ex. 1003 (Declaration of Dr. Anthony Acampora) ¶ 24). Patent Owner proposes substantially the same level of skill, but does not require the industry experience in wireless communications networks and engineering to include “some knowledge of or experience with [distributed antenna systems].” Prelim. Resp. 8–9 (citing Ex. 2001 (Declaration of Dr. Daniel Foty) ¶ 13); Ex. 1025, 9–10). For purposes of this Decision, we apply Petitioner’s definition of the level of ordinary skill in the art. Our decision would not be different if we adopted Patent Owner’s proposed level of skill.” slip op. at 11
- Claim Construction › Intrinsic evidence (Phillips canons) › Plain and ordinary meaning to a POSITATerm construed petitioner constructionDecided for petitioner
“On the present record and for the purpose of this Decision, we agree with Petitioner that the proper construction of “communications unit” encompasses multiple DRUs or antenna units. Although Patent Owner is correct that not every embodiment needs to be reflected in every claim, and indeed, some embodiments may not appear in any claim, we do not agree that there is evidence supporting Patent Owner’s argument that the construction of “communications unit” should be narrowed to the embodiment requiring only one DRU/antenna. The cited claims do not indicate that multiple units may not transmit at the sets of frequencies recited. Additionally, although Patent Owner cites claim 16 as requiring that each communications unit is a single DRU, if that were a correct reading of claim 16, it is not clear what the claim recitation would add, as it would not narrow the prior recitation of a “communications unit” from claim 15. Such interpretations are disfavored. See Cat Tech LLC v. TubeMaster, Inc., 528 F.3d 871, 885 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (refusing to adopt a claim construction that would render a claim limitation meaningless); Bicon, Inc. v. Straumann Co., 441 F.3d 945, 950 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (explaining that “claims are interpreted claim 16 uses the inclusive “comprises” in its recitations, which is an open-ended term and does not exclude the possibility of other DRUs in a communication unit. See Genentech, Inc. v. Chiron Corp., 112 F.3d 495, 501 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“‘Comprising’ is a term of art used in claim language which means that the named elements are essential, but other elements may be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim.”).” slip op. at 14
- Prior constructionPrior construction adoptedDecided for petitioner
“Additionally, with respect to claim 20, Petitioner argues that “the first frequency band” and “the second frequency band” recited in claim 20 lack antecedent bases and are indefinite. Pet. 42, 64. This issue was addressed in the Eastern District of Texas cases claim construction order that construed “the first frequency band and the second frequency band” as “the first frequency range and the second frequency range.” Ex. 1037, 19–20. For the purposes of this Decision, we agree with and adopt the reasoning and this determination is preliminary and for the purposes of this Decision; the parties may address it further in future briefing in accordance with our rules.” slip op. at 17
Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips · KSR · GrahamPatents in suitUS 9,197,358 - PTAB · Apr 13, 2023 · IPR2022-01577 · APJ William V Saindon · IPR · Institution
The Board instituted IPR on claims 1–4 and 6–10 on all petitioned grounds, finding a reasonable likelihood that claim 1 was anticipated by the HDI 3000 Manual.
RulingsInstitution decision- PTAB / AIA Trials › Institution threshold (reasonable likelihood / more likely than not)InstitutedInstituted
“review under 35 U.S.C. § 314(b) and 37 C.F.R. § 42.4(a) (2020). The standard for instituting an inter partes review is set forth in 35 U.S.C. § 314(a), which provides that an inter partes review may not be instituted unless “there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner would prevail with respect to at least 1 of the claims challenged in the petition.” For the reasons provided below, we determine Petitioner has satisfied the threshold requirement set forth in 35 U.S.C. § 314(a). Because Petitioner has demonstrated a reasonable likelihood that at least one claim of the ’157 patent is unpatentable, we institute an inter partes review of all challenged claims based on all grounds raised in the Petition. 37 C.F.R. § 42.08(a).” slip op. at 2
- Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner
“B. Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art Petitioner asserts that a person of ordinary skill in the art: would have a degree in electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, or a related discipline, along with relevant experience (at least 2–3 years for a Ph.D., 3–5 years for a Master’s, and 5+ years for a Bachelor’s) researching or developing ultrasound systems or other medical imaging devices. EX1008, ¶¶21–26. The POSA would have general knowledge of ultrasound systems and related technologies as of January 15, 2001. Id. Pet. 7–8. Patent Owner applies Petitioner’s definition for purposes of its Preliminary Response. Prelim. Resp. 5. We adopt the parties’ accepted definition for purposes of this Decision.” slip op. at 6
- Claim Construction › Intrinsic evidence (Phillips canons) › Plain and ordinary meaning to a POSITATerm construed board ownDecided for petitioner
“In this case, Patent Owner’s assertion that its proposed construction is “consistent with the specification” fails to articulate or apply the proper standard. For example, any interpretation whose scope is equal to or narrower than a proper construction would logically be consistent with that proper construction. Thus, Patent Owner could only establish that its proposed interpretation is equal to or narrower in scope than the proper interpretation. Comparing the claims to prior art using a claim construction potentially narrower than what is claimed would not be a fruitful exercise because the claim could read on the prior art but not on the unduly narrow interpretation. Cf. Brown v. 3M, 265 F.3d 1349, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (holding that a broad claim is anticipated by any narrow disclosure falling within the broad claim). Patent Owner’s assertion that its proposed construction is consistent with examples in the specification is also not persuasive, and no more persuasive than its prior implication that its proposed construction is not inconsistent with the specification. i4i Ltd. P’ship v. Microsoft Corp., 598 F.3d 831, 843–44 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“[A] claim is not limited to the embodiments described in the specification unless the patentee has demonstrated a clear intention to limit the claim’s scope with words or expressions of manifest exclusion or restriction.” (internal quotation omitted)). Similar to the situation in i4i, Patent Owner here has failed to explain how the claim is clearly limited to the examples in the specification. Instead, we construe “information of object” to be an identification of the object to be studied in the ultrasound examination, based on its plain language in the context of the claimed ultrasound device. We are not apprised of any language, on this record, in the ’157 patent or prosecution history that otherwise constrains what types of “object” would be inspected by the claimed device. For example, there is no indication that the machine is less capable than other ultrasound machines in a way that limits its use to examinations of certain things in a body such as a liver or a heart, but not simpler things in a body such as blood vessels or more complex things such as a fetus. Accordingly, we see no reason to constrain “object” to something other than those things in a body that a person of ordinary skill in the art would investigate during an ultrasound examination.” slip op. at 7
- Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededOther
“It does not appear necessary at this time to specifically construe any other claim terms. Realtime Data, LLC v. Iancu, 912 F.3d 1368, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“The Board is required to construe ‘only those terms . . . that are in controversy, and only to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy.’”) (quoting Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999)).” slip op. at 9
Claim construction§ 102 anticipationcites Phillips · KSRPatents in suitUS 6,901,157 - PTAB · Apr 13, 2023 · IPR2022-01576 · APJ William V Saindon · IPR · Institution
The Board instituted IPR on claims 1–3 on all petitioned grounds, finding a reasonable likelihood that claim 1 is unpatentable over Petruzzelli.
RulingsInstitution decision- PTAB / AIA Trials › Institution threshold (reasonable likelihood / more likely than not)InstitutedInstituted
“review under 35 U.S.C. § 314(b) and 37 C.F.R. § 42.4(a) (2020). The standard for instituting an inter partes review is set forth in 35 U.S.C. § 314(a), which provides that an inter partes review may not be instituted unless “there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner would prevail with respect to at least 1 of the claims challenged in the petition.” For the reasons provided below, we determine Petitioner has satisfied the threshold requirement set forth in 35 U.S.C. § 314(a). Because Petitioner has demonstrated a reasonable likelihood that at least one claim of the ’985 patent is unpatentable, we institute an inter partes review of all challenged claims based on all grounds raised in the Petition. 37 C.F.R. § 42.08(a).” slip op. at 2
- Skill levelSkill level board ownDecided for petitioner
“B. Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art Petitioner asserts that a person of ordinary skill in the art: would have a degree in electrical engineering, computer science, or a related discipline, along with relevant experience (at least 1– 2 years for a Ph.D., 2–3 years for a Master’s, and 3+ years for a Bachelor’s) researching or developing graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for ultrasound systems or other medical imaging devices. EX1007, ¶¶14–19. The person would have general knowledge of GUIs for ultrasound systems or other medical imaging devices as of April 18, 2014. Id.” slip op. at 7
- Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededOther
“C. Claim Construction Petitioner asserts that no claim terms require construction at this stage. Pet. 15. Patent Owner does not offer any claim constructions, but does challenge Petitioner’s choice not to offer any claim constructions, and suggests that we should deny the Petition on that basis. Prelim. Resp. 75– 77. We find Patent Owner’s arguments unavailing. First, we note that the parties have not offered competing claim constructions, such that there is no specific claim construction issue between the parties at this time. Second, we note that we consider Petitioner’s interpretation of the claims sufficiently clear based on their application of the claims on the art. Thus, we are able to proceed without explicitly construing any claim terms, and we are not persuaded to deny on that basis. In view of the above, we do not construe any claim terms. Realtime Data, LLC v. Iancu, 912 F.3d 1368, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (“The Board is required to construe ‘only those terms . . . that are in controversy, and only to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy.’”) (quoting Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999)).” slip op. at 8
- Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)Instituted
“To establish anticipation, every element and limitation of the claimed invention must be found in a single prior art reference, arranged as in the claim. Karsten Mfg. Corp. v. Cleveland Golf Co., 242 F.3d 1376, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2001).” slip op. at 6
Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites KSRPatents in suitUS 9,538,985 - PTAB · Apr 13, 2023 · IPR2022-01575 · APJ Frances L Ippolito · IPR · Institution
The Board instituted IPR on claims 1–6, 12, 13, and 15 on all petition grounds, finding a reasonable likelihood that claim 1 is anticipated and/or obvious over Halmann.
RulingsInstitution decision- PTAB / AIA Trials › Institution threshold (reasonable likelihood / more likely than not)InstitutedInstituted
“unless the information presented in the Petition and any response thereto shows “there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner would prevail with respect to at least 1 of the claims challenged in the petition.” Considering the arguments presented in the parties’ briefs, we conclude that the information presented in the Petition establishes that there is a reasonable likelihood that Petitioner would prevail in challenging at least 1 of the claims 1–6, 12, 13, and 15 of the ’168 patent as unpatentable under the grounds presented in the Petition. Pursuant to § 314, we hereby institute an inter partes review.” slip op. at 2
- Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner
“For purposes of this Decision, we adopt Petitioner’s proposal as reasonable and consistent with the prior art. See Okajima v. Bourdeau, 261 F.3d 1350, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (the prior art may reflect an appropriate level of skill in the art).” slip op. at 8
- Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)No construction neededOther
“Petitioner “does not believe any terms require construction at this stage.” Pet. 10. At this stage of the proceeding, Patent Owner has not yet filed a response. For purposes of this decision, we do not expressly construe any terms. See Nidec Motor Corp. v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Co., 868 F.3d 1013, 1017 (Fed. Cir. 2017)), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 1695 (April 30, 2018) (noting that “we need only construe terms ‘that are in controversy, and only to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy’”) (citing Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999)).” slip op. at 9
- Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Anticipation standard (single reference, every element)Instituted
“We have reviewed Petitioner’s evidence and argument, and find that Petitioner has sufficiently shown that Halmann discloses this limitation of claim 1 for the purposes of institution.” slip op. at 19
Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips · KSR · GrahamPatents in suitUS 7,867,168 - PTAB · Mar 9, 2023 · IPR2022-01293 · APJ Sharon Fenick · IPR · Institution
The Board instituted IPR on claims 1–19 and all petition grounds, finding a reasonable likelihood of unpatentability based on Wu grounds and compelling merits despite Fintiv factors favoring denial.
RulingsInstitution decision- PTAB / AIA Trials › Discretionary denial › Fintiv (parallel litigation)Denied
“f) Conclusion – Initial Fintiv Analysis We have considered the circumstances and facts before us in view of the first five Fintiv factors. Because our analysis is fact driven, no single factor is determinative of our conclusion. Considering these five Fintiv factors, we determine that they favor a discretionary denial. 2. Assessment of the Compelling Merits As we have found that the first five Fintiv factors favor discretionary denial, we proceed to assess whether the record shows that Petitioner has presented a compelling unpatentability challenge.” slip op. at 16
- PTAB / AIA Trials › Institution threshold (reasonable likelihood / more likely than not)InstitutedInstituted
“An inter partes review may be instituted only if “the information presented in the petition . . . and any [preliminary] response . . . shows that there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner would prevail with respect to at least 1 of the claims challenged in the petition.” 35 U.S.C. § 314(a) (2018). For the reasons below, Petitioner has established a reasonable likelihood that it would prevail in showing the unpatentability of at least one of the challenged claims. As discussed below, we have considered our whether to exercise our discretion to deny pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 314(a) and determined not to exercise this discretion. Accordingly, we institute an inter partes review of the challenged claims on all grounds raised in the Petition.” slip op. at 2
- Skill levelSkill level petitioner adoptedDecided for petitioner
“Patent Owner’s definition appears generally consistent with Petitioner’s definition, with the exception of requiring 3 years or more (as systems. For the purpose of institution, we adopt Petitioner’s provided definition for the level of skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art as reasonable and consistent with the prior art, which does not encompass an open-ended (“at least 3 years”) amount of experience, and which is supported by the testimony of Dr. Acampora. We would reach the same conclusions if we were to remove the open-ended terminology from Patent Owner’s definition and adopt that.” slip op. at 20
- Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)Term construed board ownDecided for patent owner
“Thus, the record does not support Patent Owner’s proposed construction of “radio resources,” that requires the RF carriers, CDMA codes, TDMA time slots or other information defining and describing the way data is being transmitted cannot include the user payload data that is transmitted. 4. Our Partial Construction For our present purposes, we do not need to completely construe the term “radio resources.” Nidec Motor Corp., 868 F.3d at 1017. However, a partial construction is required, and for the reasons discussed above, for this Decision, we construe “radio resources” to encompass RF carriers, CDMA codes, and TDMA time slots, including those in which underlying data is transmitted.” slip op. at 26
Claim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnessDiscretionary denialcites KSR · GrahamPatents in suitUS 10,334,499 - Apple Inc. v. Virnetx Inc.All claims unpatentablePTAB · Jun 22, 2017 · IPR2016-00331 · APJ Karl D Easthom · IPR · Final written decision
Claims 1–11, 14–25, and 28–30 are unpatentable as obvious over Beser and RFC 2401.
RulingsFinal written decision- Claim Construction › Intrinsic evidence (Phillips canons) › Plain and ordinary meaning to a POSITATerm construed petitioner constructionDecided for petitioner
“Patent Owner’s contentions are not persuasive. Patent Owner fails to explain sufficiently why the notion of “performing an additional evaluation” constitutes an implicit part of the claimed intercept clause. Addressing similar arguments by Patent Owner, a Board panel made a similar determination in the ’237 FWD relied upon by Petitioner. ’237 FWD 11 (“the record show[s] that the additional functionality urged by Patent Owner should not be imported into the intercepting phrase”).” slip op. at 8
- Claim Construction › Threshold & procedure › Whether a term needs construction (O2 Micro)Term construed petitioner constructionOther
“broadest reasonable interpretation in light of the specification. 37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b); Cuozzo Speed Techs., LLC v. Lee, 136 S. Ct. 2131, 2144–46 (2016) (upholding the use of the broadest reasonable interpretation standard under 37 C.F.R. § 42.100(b)). Under this standard, absent any special definitions, claim terms or phrases are given their ordinary and customary meaning, as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, in the context of the entire disclosure. In re Translogic Tech., Inc., 504 F.3d 1249, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 2007). For the purposes of this Decision, only the claim terms or clauses below need express construction. See Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng’g, Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 803 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (only those terms in controversy need to be construed and only to the extent necessary to resolve the controversy).” slip op. at 7
- Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Prior-art status of a reference › Printed publication / public accessibilityPrinted publication establishedDecided for petitioner
“We find Dr. Tamassia’s testimony as to public accessibility of RFCs in general to be credible, especially given the independent support of RFC 2026 (Ex. 1036), the contents of which Patent Owner does not challenge.7 As part of routine discovery, see 37 C.F.R. § 42.51(b)(1)(ii), Patent Owner had the opportunity to cross-examine Dr. Tamassia, but does not point us to any discussion of this issue. Moreover, RFC 2401’s contents are consistent with the publication process described by RFC 2026 and Dr. Tamassia, including the inclusion of a date “November 1998” on the top right corner of the first page of the document. Ex. 1008, 1. In addition, this document—a request for suggestions and improvements for an Internet standards protocol, 7 As addressed below, Patent Owner objects and moves to dismiss a number of Exhibits based on hearsay and relevancy. See Paper 20 (Motion to Exclude). having no indication of being a mere draft or internal paper—is precisely the type of document whose very purpose is public disclosure, including on the Internet. Both of the magazine articles, Exhibits 1064 and 1065, further corroborate the indicia of availability on the face of RFC 2401, although they are not necessary to our finding of public accessibility. We do not rely on the testimony of Sandy Ginoza, Exhibits 1060 and 1063, which Patent Owner seeks to exclude as discussed further below.” slip op. at 12
- Expert testimonyPetitioner expert creditedDecided for petitioner
“Patent Owner does not articulate a persuasive reason for giving Dr. Tamassia’s declaration, as a whole, little or no weight in our analysis. We agree with Petitioner that experts are not required to opine on every relevant factual and legal issue in order to be accorded substantial weight. The cases upon which Patent Owner relies do not show otherwise. For example, Patent Owner cites Schumer v. Laboratory Computer Systems, Inc., 308 F.3d 1304, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2002), for the proposition that “[expert] testimony . . . ‘must identify each claim element, state the witnesses’ interpretation of the claim element, and explain in detail how each claim element is disclosed in the prior art reference.’” PO Resp. 52–53. Patent Owner’s quotation, however, mischaracterizes Schumer by omitting introductory words necessary to the meaning of the quoted sentence. In its entirety, the quoted portion of Schumer states the following: Typically, testimony concerning anticipation must be testimony from one skilled in the art and must identify each claim element, state the witnesses’ interpretation of the claim element, and explain in detail how each claim element is disclosed in the prior art reference. The testimony is insufficient if it is merely conclusory. Schumer, 308 F.3d at 1315–16. The Federal Circuit then adds that it is not the task of the courts to “attempt to interpret confusing or general testimony to determine whether a case of invalidity has been made out” and “if the testimony relates to prior invention and is from an interested party, as here, it must be corroborated.” Id. at 1316. So, instead of laying out a specific, required format for the content of all testimony regarding invalidity, as asserted by Patent Owner, this portion of Schumer confirms the unremarkable proposition that conclusory, overly general, confusing, and self-interested testimony should not be relied upon. Id.; see also Koito Mfg. Co., Ltd. v. Turn-Key-Tech, LLC, 381 F.3d 1142, 1152 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“General and conclusory testimony, such as that provided by Dr. Kazmer in this case, does not suffice as substantial evidence of invalidity.”). Patent Owner does not show that the whole of Dr. Tamassia’s testimony suffers from any of these failings. Under 35 U.S.C. § 316(e), the preponderance of the evidence standard governs in determining whether Petitioner establishes unpatentability. We exercise discretion to determine the appropriate weight to accord the evidence presented, including expert opinions, based on the underlying facts supporting the opinion. We accord relevant portions of Dr. Tamassia’s testimony the appropriate weight based on that particular testimony and supporting evidence.” slip op. at 14
Patent outcomesUS 8,504,696 unpatentableClaim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites KSRPatents in suitUS 8,504,696 - Coalition For Affordable Drugs Viii, LLC v. The Trustees Of The University Of PennsylvaniaNo claims unpatentablePTAB · Mar 6, 2017 · IPR2015-01836 · APJ Lora M Green · IPR · Final written decision
Claims 1–8 were not shown unpatentable under § 103 because the prior art did not establish a reasonable expectation of success using lomitapide in the claimed dosing regimen.
RulingsFinal written decision- BurdenNot shown unpatentable
“The reasonable expectation of success requirement refers to the likelihood of success in combining references to meet the limitations of the claimed invention.” Intelligent Bio-Sys., Inc. v. Illumina Cambridge Ltd., 821 F.3d 1359, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2016). As to reasonable expectation of success, we agree with Patent Owner that the ordinary artisan would not have had a reasonable expectation of success of combining Pink Sheet with Chang to arrive at the claimed invention. To the extent that Petitioner relies on our Institution Decision, we note that decision was based on the evidence of record at that time. The evidence advanced by Patent Owner during trial, discussed herein, however, tips the scale in favor of a finding different from that set forth in our Institution Decision. slip op. at 36
- ExcludeMotion to exclude, deniedMixed
“As to Exhibit 1052, which is the Deposition Transcript of S. David Kimball, and which Patent Owner acknowledges that Petitioner cites in its Reply, Patent Owner argues that it timely objected to the exhibit as an improper duplicate of Exhibit 2304. Mot. Exclude 7. Petitioner responds that Exhibits 2304 and 1052 are the transcripts of Petitioner’s expert. Opp. Mot. Exclude 4. Although acknowledging that the party taking the deposition normally files the transcript, Petitioner asserts that its Reply cites to Ex. 1056, and Patent Owner does not cite to either exhibit. Id. Patent Owner replies that Exhibit 2304 also contains Dr. Kimball’s signed errata sheet and is, thus, the more complete of the two documents. Reply Mot. Exclude. 3. Patent Owner asserts that the citations in Petitioner’s Reply can be updated to reflect the correct exhibit number, if necessary. Id. Given the posture of this proceeding, that is, it is at final written decision, and as Patent Owner notes, the two documents are not exact duplicates, we decline to exclude Ex. 1056, but will allow both Exhibit 1056 and 2034 to remain in the record.” slip op. at 44
- PTAB / AIA Trials › Motions to amend / substitute claimsNot reached
“the unrebutted evidence of commercial success further supports the patentability of the challenged claims. Looking at the entire record before us, we conclude that Petitioner has not meet its burden to establish unpatentability of challenged claims 1‒8 by a preponderance of the evidence over the combination of Pink Sheet and Chang. E. Motion to Amend As discussed above, because we conclude that Petitioner has not demonstrated the obviousness of the claims by a preponderance of the evidence, we need not reach the merits of Patent Owner’s contingent Motion to Amend (Paper 24). We, thus, dismiss the motion a moot.” slip op. at 44
- Expert testimonyPetitioner expert discountedDecided for patent owner
“biotechnology and medical device companies.” Id. The press release does not even mention Dr. Stein. Thus, there is nothing in the press release suggesting that the ordinary artisan in the cardiovascular/cardiac field, or interested in MTP inhibitors, should attend the presentation. We, therefore, decline to credit Dr. Mayersohn’s testimony that “[a]person of ordinary skill in the art interested in the development of MTP inhibitors could apparently have attended the meeting or accessed the presentation itself via webcast or on the PPD website shortly thereafter” (Ex. 1003 ¶ 25 (citing the PPD Press Release)), as there was nothing in the press release discussing MTP inhibitors. That finding informs our analysis of the factors set forth in Klopfenstein. Thus, although the ordinary artisan may have been able to copy the presentation, and although there may have been an expectation that the materials could be copied, Petitioner does not provide any evidence establishing that the target audience would have been an ordinary artisan in the relevant field.” slip op. at 19
Patent outcomesUS 7,932,268 not shown unpatentableClaim construction§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips · KSR · GrahamPatents in suitUS 7,932,268 - Coalition For Affordable Drugs Viii, LLC v. The Trustees Of The University Of PennsylvaniaNo claims unpatentablePTAB · Mar 6, 2017 · IPR2015-01835 · APJ Lora M Green · IPR · Final written decision
Claims 1–10 were not shown unpatentable under § 103 because the prior art did not establish a reasonable expectation of success substituting lomitapide into Pink Sheet’s dosing protocol.
RulingsFinal written decision- BurdenFwd all claims patentableNot shown unpatentable
“We have jurisdiction under 35 U.S.C. § 6. Petitioner bears the burden of proving unpatentability of the challenged claims, and that burden never shifts to Patent Owner. Dynamic Drinkware, LLC v. Nat’l Graphics, Inc., 800 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2015). To prevail, Petitioner must establish facts supporting its challenge by a preponderance of the evidence. See 35 U.S.C. § 316(e); 37 C.F.R. § 42.1(d). This Final Written Decision is issued pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 318(a) and 37 C.F.R. § 42.73. Based on the record before us, we conclude that Petitioner has failed” slip op. at 3
- Novelty / Anticipation (§102) › Prior-art status of a reference › Printed publication / public accessibilityPrinted publication not establishedDecided for patent owner
“under 35 U.S.C. § 102 “involves a case-by-case inquiry into the facts and circumstances surrounding the reference’s disclosure to members of the public.” In re Klopfenstein, 380 F.3d 1345, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2004). “Because there are many ways in which a reference may be disseminated to the interested public, ‘public accessibility’ has been called the touchstone in determining whether a reference constitutes a ‘printed publication’ bar under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b).” Blue Calypso, LLC v. Groupon, Inc., 815 F.3d 1331, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (citing In re Hall, 781 F.2d 897, 898–99 (Fed. Cir. 1986)). “A given reference is ‘publicly accessible’ upon a satisfactory showing that such document has been disseminated or otherwise made available to the extent that persons interested and ordinarily skilled in the subject matter or art exercising reasonable diligence, can locate it.” SRI Int’l, Inc. v. Internet Sec. Sys., Inc., 511 F.3d 1186, 1194 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting Bruckelmyer v. Ground Heaters, Inc., 445 F.3d 1374, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2006)).” slip op. at 14
- Obviousness (§103) › Motivation to combine / reasonable expectation of successMotivation foundReasonable expectation not foundMixed
“Although we find this issue to be very close, we find that the Petitioner has established by a preponderance of the evidence that the ordinary artisan would have looked at other MTP inhibitors, such as lomitapide as taught by Chang, that could be used in the dosing protocol taught by Pink Sheet. Specifically, Pink Sheet teaches a dosing method with the MTP inhibitor, implitamide, wherein, as discussed above, the dosing schedule meets the dosing schedule required by claim 1. Ex. 1013. In addition, Pink Sheet discusses MTP inhibitors generally, and notes that they may have efficacy in situations where high-dose statins are ineffective or inadequate, such as homozygous and severe heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Id. Pink Sheet also acknowledges that the toxicity seen with MTP inhibitors may have been due to the high doses used during the clinical trials. Id. Chang discusses the clinical efficacy of MTP inhibitors, including implitapide (BAY-13-9952) and lomitapide (BMS-201038). Ex. 1015, 566. Specifically, Chang discusses the clinical efficacy of CP-346086, and then notes that similar efficacy was reported for implitapide and lomitapide. Id. Given that implitapide and lomitapide are from the same class of therapeutics, that is, MTP inhibitors, and that they are known to have similar clinical efficacy, based on the record before us, we determine that Petitioner has demonstrated a reasonable basis as to why the ordinary artisan would have substituted lomitapide as taught by Chang for implitapide in the method of Pink Sheet.” slip op. at 32
- Obviousness (§103) › Objective indicia / secondary considerations › Commercial successObjective indicia with nexusDecided for patent owner
“Initially, we note that Petitioner does not contest that Juxtapid is a commercial success, and, thus, in view of the unrebutted evidence provided by Patent Owner, we find that Patent Owner has established that Juxtapid is a commercial success. As to Petitioner’s argument that the Juxtapid website does not suggest a forced titration, as set forth in our section on claim construction above, we decline to construe independent challenged claim 1 as requiring a forced titration. Moreover, as shown in the table below, the dosing schedule of independent claim 1 encompasses the dosing method that is given to doctors on the Juxtapid website (Ex. 2301, 1):” slip op. at 43
Patent outcomesUS 8,618,135 not shown unpatentable§ 102 anticipation§ 103 obviousnesscites Phillips · KSR · GrahamPatents in suitUS 8,618,135
Holdings, summaries, rulings, issues, outcomes, winners and claim constructions shown for a decision were generated by a large language model reading the opinion. They are a guide to the decision, not the decision. Confirm every one against the court's own text before relying on it. Outcomes read from the patent owner’s side. Party names are extracted from the decision and are missing on about 900 short Director denials and scans, which carry the trial number instead.